What is Domain Name System

When you think of the Internet, you probably think of ".com." Just what do those three letters at the end of a World Wide Web address mean?

In order to locate online data, the servers that host the information each have a unique numerical address. For example, the numerical address for the White House is 198.137.240.100. But since few people want to remember long strings of numbers, the Domain Name System (DNS) was invented. DNS, a critical part of the Internet's technical infrastructure, correlates a numerical address to a word. To access the White House website, you could type its number into the address box of your web browser. But most people prefer to use "www.whitehouse.gov." In this case, the domain name is whitehouse.gov.

The Structure of a Domain Name

A domain name always has two or more parts separated by dots and typically consists of some form of an organization's name and a three letter or more suffix. For example, the domain name for IBM is "ibm.com"; the United Nations is "un.org."

The domain name suffix is known as a generic top-level domain (gTLD) and it describes the type of organization. However in the last few years, the lines have blurred somewhat between these categories. Currently in use of these gTLDs:

.aero--For the air-transport industry

.biz--Reserved for businesses

.com--For businesses, commercial enterprises, or online services like America Online. Most companies use this extension.

.coop--Reserved for cooperatives

.edu--For educational institutions and universities

.gov--Reserved for United States government agencies

.info--For all uses

.int--For organizations established by international treaties

.mil--For the United States military

.museum--For use by museums

.name--For use by individuals

.net--For networks; usually reserved for organizations such as Internet service providers

.org--For non-commercial organizations

.pro--For use by professionals, such as attorneys and physicians

ICANN, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, manages the Domain Name System. For the latest news, visit the ICANN website. The more popular TLDs (.com, .net, .org, .biz, .info, .name) are available to the general public for registration of domain names.

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How to Work Yahoo Search Engine

First we'll try Yahoo! One trick when searching is to narrow your focus. Entering "San Francisco" in the search box results in over 403 million sites related to the City by the Bay! Entering "cable cars" results in 92 million sites, many of which have nothing to do with San Francisco. By combing the terms ("San Francisco cable cars"), the search still returns over 10 million sites, along with a brief description of each one. Now you have to visit each site to see if there's any information about cable car schedules. Fortunately, the first three sites listed all contain information pertinent to our search.

Yahoo Inc has introduced a software development tool that lets outside parties create customized views of Yahoo Web search results, the company said on Thursday.

Making good on one piece of a strategy to open up its core network services, Yahoo said it was offering SearchMonkey, a technology that lets website owners display selected Yahoo search results on their sites.

Instead of offering a one-size-fits-all approach to search, Yahoo is allowing website owners and users to have more choice about what information they want to show and see when they use Yahoo search.

Yahoo said SearchMonkey can create custom views of Yahoo search in as little as 10 minutes. The free website building tool can be found at http://developer.search.yahoo.com/.

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Searching the Web

With billions of web pages online, you could spend a lifetime surfing the Web, following links from one page to another. Amusing perhaps, but not very efficient if you're seeking some specific information. So where do you start? searching the Internet requires part skill, part luck and a little bit of art. Fortunately, a number of free online resources help with the hunt.

You've probably heard of search engines such as Yahoo!, Google, and Ask.com. There are literally dozens of these tools to help you locate what you're looking for. The trick understands how they work so you can use the right tool for the job.

Search engines break down into two types: directories and indexes. Directories, such as Yahoo!, are good at identifying general information. Like a card catalog in a library, they classify websites into categories, such as accounting firms, English universities and natural history museums. The results of your search will be a list of websites related to your search term. For instance, if you are looking for natural history museums, you might use a directory to find it.

But what if you want specific information, such as biographical information about Leonardo da Vinci? Web indexes are the way to go, because they search all the contents of a website. Indexes use software programs called spiders and robots that scour the Internet, analyzing billions of web pages, newsgroup and blog postings, and indexing all of the words.

Indexes like Google and MSN Search identify the text on individual pages of a website that match your search criteria, even if the site itself has nothing to do with what you are looking for. You can often find unexpected gems of information this way, but be prepared to wade through a lot of irrelevant information too.

Now let's try using Google, an index-based Search engine. Once again, enter "San Francisco cable cars" in the search box. The Google Search results in over 1.5 million documents that match the search terms. Life is too short to comb through all these. The reason for this enormous list is that Google turns up every document that contains the words "San," "Francisco," "cable," and "cars."

To search for documents that contain just this phrase, use quotation marks around the terms ("San Francisco cable cars"). Doing this result in about 46,000 documents. Fortunately, Google smartly ranks sites in order of relevancy and popularity, so the first few have information about schedules.

But even better, try entering "San Francisco cable car schedule". Bingo! Now the list includes just 10 sites. As you can see, the more specific you can be with your search query, the more focused the results.

Ask.com uses a technology called natural language query, a fancy way of saying that you can ask your question in plain English. By typing a question like "What is the San Francisco cable car schedule?" you get a list of related pages. Once again, you will have to go to the site, but in this case, it's a no-brainer as one of the choices is "San Francisco Municipal Railway."

Bear in mind that websites tend to change often. These changes are not always reflected in the search engine database, particularly for directories. Typically, websites are registered with search engines when they first go online. After that, changes are not reported generally. To find the most recent information, your best bet is a search engine that use Web-indexing robots, software that constantly search the Internet , recording additions and changes.

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What is Online Networking

More than just a storehouse of information, the Internet has become a place for human interaction--the 21st century version of a town square or mall. In the last few years, social networking sites have exploded, allowing millions of people around the world to meet and hang out together. Hundreds of millions of people have joined community sites. Among certain age groups, not having an online presence is almost like not existing!

Creating a personal page can be as simple as entering a few details about yourself, or spending hours building an electronic incarnation of your inner thoughts and interests. Typically, your profile page is a work in progress, updated as often as you wish.

Be aware that just as some unsavory characters hang out at the mall looking to prey on unsuspecting people, the same is true in cyberspace. We'll give you some tips later to keep you self.

How to work Online Networking

First, set up an account, which is usually free. Some sites have age restrictions and are only available if you are 13 or older; some, like Myspace, are open to anyone that wants to join, while others, like Facebook, are restricted to college students. So before posting a profile, think about your purpose. If you want to discuss pop music, MySpace may be right for you, but if you're interested in professional networking, consider LinkedIn.

Once your account is open, you create a personal page by entering your profile and uploading content. Your page tells the world all about you and your interests. A personal page can include photos of friends, family and pets, favorite music groups, songs, and videos. The only limit is your imagination and common sense--more on this in a moment.

Having an online profile is a terrific way to express yourself and to find people that share similar interests. Once you find a kindred soul or she or he finds you, you communicate via e-mail or instance massaging . Sometimes people agree to meet in person, but many times, relationships remain virtual.

Before you start, spend time viewing other people's pages to get ideas and to see what's appropriate for the community you join.

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Computer Viruses

Viruses, worms and Trojan horses are human-made software programs created specifically to wreak havoc on Personal Computers and networks. The chance of contracting one of these computer viruses over the Internet has increased dramatically. In fact, unless you run anti-virus software, your computer will almost certainly become infected. Typically, you get a virus by opening infected e-mail attachments.

Some viruses are relatively harmless to individuals. They just attach themselves to outgoing messages or e-mail themselves to all the contacts listed in your address book. The sudden flood of e-mail overwhelms mail servers, causing the system to crash.

Other viruses are more destructive and may lie dormant until a certain date. Then they spring to life to do their dirty deeds. Sometimes a strange message appears on your screen, or data and programs may be modified. In the worst case, all the files on your hard drive may be wiped out. These pernicious programs start on one computer, then replicate quickly, infecting other computers around the world.

In 1988 a student at Cornell University sent out a virus out by accident, infecting more than 6,000 computers in minutes, nearly bringing the Internet to its knees. More recently, the "I Love You" virus caused over $1 billion in lost productivity as it crippled e-mail systems worldwide. Last year alone, 10,000 new viruses, worms and Trojan horses were unleashed.

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E-mail Conferencing Virtual Meetings

One of the most compelling features of the Internet may well be the ability to communicate inexpensively in real time, via personal computers. With the Internet, you can see, hear, talk to and collaborate with people in different locations around the world, without the expense of travel.

Conferencing can take many forms, such as videoconferencing, audio conferencing, multimedia conferencing, screen-sharing, and to a lesser extent, what is referred to in Web parlance as chat. The cost of implementing these types of systems can run less than US$50 per computer and is available for Windows, Macintosh, Linux and UNIX operating systems Support.

Videoconferencing

Let's say you want to assemble a geographically dispersed group of people for a brainstorming session. Conference programs, such as the Microsoft's NetMeeting, allow virtual workgroups to communicate via the Internet; participants see each others' faces in small windows on their monitors and hear their voices on computer speakers. You can use video and audio simultaneously, just audio, or use the screen-sharing capability to collaborate on documents without either audio or video.

To videoconference, you'll need a digital video camera. Color webcams now sell for less than US$50. Some laptop computers have built-in webcams.

Conferencing can be done one-to-one, one-to-many (called multicast), and many-to-many (called multipoint). Most conferencing software is built on open industry standards so that a dial-up connection is enough to get you in the game. However, broadband connections give far better results.

Videoconferencing via the Web has enormous potential for enhancing communications for small and mid-sized companies, as well as for distance learning. However, at the very minimum you will need a high-speed Internet connection for acceptable video quality.

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